Bill of Attainder Definition

Bill of Attainder Definition A bill of attainder – sometimes called an act or writ of attainder or an ex-post facto law – is an act of a government’s legislature that declares a person or group of persons guilty of a crime and prescribing their punishment without the benefit of a trial or judicial hearing. The practical effect of a bill of attainder is to deny accused person’s civil rights and liberties. Article I, Section 9, paragraph 3, of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the enactment of bills of attainder, stating, â€Å"No Bill of Attainder or ex-post facto Law will be passed.† Origin of Bills of Attainder Bills of attainder were originally part of English Common Law and were typically used by the monarchy to deny a person’s right to own property, the right to a title of nobility, or even right to life. Records from the English Parliament show that on January 29, 1542, Henry VIII secured bills of attainder that resulted in the executions of a number people holding titles of nobility. While the English Common Law right of habeas corpus guaranteed fair trials by a jury, a bill of attainder completely bypassed the judicial procedure. Despite their obviously unfair nature, bills of attainder were not banned throughout the United Kingdom until 1870. US Constitutional Ban of Bills of Attainder As a feature of English law at the time, bills of attainder were often enforced against residents of the thirteen American colonies. Indeed, outrage over the enforcement of bills attainder in the colonies was one of the motivations for the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution. The dissatisfaction of Americans with British attainder laws resulted in their being prohibited in the U.S. Constitution ratified in 1789. As James Madison wrote on January 25, 1788, in the Federalist Papers Number 44, â€Å"Bills of attainder, ex-post facto laws, and laws impairing the obligations of contracts, are contrary to the first principles of the social compact, and to every principle of sound legislation. ... The sober people of America are weary of the fluctuating policy which has directed the public councils. They have seen with regret and indignation that sudden changes and legislative interferences, in cases affecting personal rights, become jobs in the hands of enterprising and influential speculators, and snares to the more-industrious and less-informed part of the community.† The Constitution’s ban of the use of bills of attainder by the federal government contained in Article I, Section 9 was considered so important by the Founding Fathers, that a provision banning state law bills of attainder was included in the first clause of ​Article I, Section 10. The Constitution’s bans of bills of attainder at both the federal and state level serve two purposes: They enforce the fundamental doctrine of separation of powers by forbidding the legislative branch from performing functions constitutionally delegated to the judicial or executive branch.  They embody the protections of due process of law expressed in the Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments. Along with the U.S. Constitution, the constitutions of ever state expressly forbid bills of attainder. For example, Article I, Section 12 of the constitution of the State of Wisconsin reads, â€Å"No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed, and no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate.†

The Taming of The Shrew Themes

'The Taming of The Shrew' Themes Lets examine the two major themes that drive Shakespeares  The Taming of The Shrew. Theme: Marriage The play is ultimately about finding a suitable partner for marriage. The motivations for marriage in the play vary enormously, however. Petruccio is only really interested in marriage for economic gain. Bianca, on the other hand, is in it for love. Lucentio has gone to great lengths to win Bianca’s favour and to get to know her better before committing to marriage. He disguises himself as her Latin teacher in order to spend more time with her and to gain her affections. However, Lucentio is only permitted to marry Bianca because he has managed to convince her father that he is incredibly rich. Had Hortensio offered Baptista more money he would have married Bianca despite her being in love with Lucentio. Hortensio settles for marriage to the widow after his marriage to Bianca is refused. He would rather be married to someone than have no one. It is usual in Shakespearian comedies that they end in marriage. The Taming of the Shrew does not end with a marriage but observes several as the play goes on. Moreover, the play considers the impact that a marriage has on family members, friends and servants and on how a relationship and bond is formed thereafter. There is a form of elopement where Bianca and Lucentio go off and marry in secret, a formal marriage between Petruccio and Katherine where the social and economic contract is key, and the marriage between Hortensio and the widow which is less about wild love and passion but more about companionship and convenience. Theme: Social Mobility and Class The play is concerned with social mobility which is ameliorated through marriage in Petruccio’s case, or through disguise and impersonation.  Tranio pretends to be Lucentio and has all the trappings of his master while his master becomes a servant of sorts in becoming a Latin teacher for Baptista’s daughters. The Local Lord at the beginning of the play wonders whether a common Tinker can be convinced he is a lord in the right circumstances and whether he can convince others of his nobility. Here, through Sly and Tranio Shakespeare explores whether social class is to do with all the trappings or something more fundamental. In conclusion, one could argue that being of high status is only of any use if people consider you are of that status. Vincentio is reduced to a ‘faded old man’ in Petruccio’s eyes when he is encountered on the way to Baptista’s house, Katherine acknowledges him as a woman (who could get any lower on the social strata?). In fact, Vincentio is super powerful and rich, his social status is what convinces Baptista that his son is worthy of his daughter’s hand in marriage. Social status and class are therefore very important but transient and open to corruption. Katherine is angry because she does not conform to what is expected of her by her position in society. She tries to fight against the expectations of her family, friends and social status, her marriage ultimately forces her to accept her role as wife and she finds happiness in finally conforming to her role. In the end, the play dictates that each character must conform to his position in society. Tranio is restored to his servant status, Lucentio back to his position as a rich heir. Katherine is finally disciplined to conform to her position. In an additional passage to the play even Christopher Sly is returned to his position outside the alehouse having been stripped of his finery: Go take him easily up and put him in his own apparel again and lay him in the place where we did find him just underneath the alehouse side below.(Additional Passages Line 2-4) Shakespeare suggests it is possible to cheat class and social boundaries but that the truth will win out and one must conform to ones position in society if we are to live a happy life.

Web Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Web Security - Essay Example Web security manages and secures web traffic by sorting threats of web malware, blocking URL’s containing inappropriate content, and prevents the loss of confidential data over protocols on the web. Attackers use the web to deliver viruses such as malware. A huge percentage of breaches involve crimes that target corporate information. Another challenge of brand impairment occurs when the contractors or employees make postings that are inappropriate to sites of social networking. Therefore, the on-site contractors and employees expose an organization to legal uncertainties by visiting sites containing inappropriate content. Consequently, the productivity of an organization will suffer if the contractors and the employees exceed the use of the web during working hours. Web security ensures that the confidential information and networks are available and secure. Also, it protects the networks coming from outside such as malware posted over the web. Web security enhances the web p rotection and reduces the legal exposure by blocking restricted sites. Subsequently, it scans email of the internet and other web traffic that are outbound to reduce the loss of confidential data. It also prevents and detects proliferation to protect the end users against application threats. Web security also chooses among hosted, appliance, and premises options for web filtering and web security. Table of Contents WEB SECURITY. 1 MEMORANDUM 1 ABSTRACT. 6 INTRODUCTION 6 BACKGROUND 7 OBJECTIVES 8 FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO WEB SECURITY 8 Human and Technological Factors 9 The knowledge of the user 9 The technology that is in use at that particular time 9 Tools for Security 9 The necessary tools available for security 9 SECURITY CAN BE ACHIEVED BY ADDRESSING 9 User and Technology Factors 10 Responsibility of the User 10 Relevance to Security 10 Sweet Development 11 Design 12 Visualization 12 HISTORY OF WEB SECURITY 12 History of Web Tools 13 Preventing SQL injection 13 Creating awaren ess to web security 14 Tools to detect web attacks 14 Web versus desktop applications 15 Intelligent information systems 16 INTERNET CONTROLS: 16 Intrusion Detection System: 17 Signature-based network intrusion detection system: 18 Analysis-based network intrusion detection system: 18 Firewalls: 19 Encryption program: 19 Honey popts: 19 CONCLUSION 20 REFERENCE 21 3.Singh, Brijendra and Agarwal, Pooja. â€Å"Algorithm for Web Server Security† IETE Journal of Research57.5 (Sep 2011): 413-422. 22 6.Hossain, Md Safaet and Hossain, Md Shazzad. â€Å"Web Test Integration and Performance Evaluation of E-Commerce Web Sites† International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security10.9 (Sep 2012): 65-69. 23 7.Serrhini, Mohammed. Moussa, Abdelazziz Ait. â€Å"Home Users Security and the Web Browser Inbuilt Settings, Framework to Setup IT Automatically† Journal of Computer Science9.2 (2013): 159-168. 23 9.Volkoviy, Andrei and Chekhov, Ilia. â€Å"Use of Mobile Ap plications in Security and Safety Systems† Information & Security28.1 (2012): 146-153. 24 APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY 25 IT Systems: These are secure systems developed and can automatically detect threats and ensure that they are removed without the involvement of the user. 26 APPENDIX B. RESEARCH METHODS. 28 ABSTRACT. This final report discusses the topic of web security and some of the risks that internet users all over the world experience. Over the years, web security has grown to become a very crucial part of our daily life. This is shown by the manner in which most of the world population conducts their business (Alanazi, Fahad, &Mohamed, 2011 87). These include, doing bank transactions,